Presión de las barras sobre el Congreso en la Nueva Granada en el siglo XIX: ¿una esfera pública plebeya o simplemente “política contenciosa” y expresión de un “repertorio de confrontación”?

This paper revisits the understanding of the “public sphere” of civil society, including Harbermas’s original formulation and those of various other historians, even Latinamericanists. It argues that it is necessary to supplement some of these views, adding a historical component related to this important concept. It consists of popular political pressure in the form of bodily presence and active participation through shouts, physical gestures toward, and threats directed to state agents. Many of those political expressions regularly targeted deliberating state officials and representatives, in particular legislatures, during critical moments in their functioning. They intended to force members of congress to decide in favor of popular preferences. This would mean that, apart from literary and journalistic production and polemics, intellectual debates and the like, aimed at influencing public policies, a perhaps less glamorous, but quite important and effective expression of popular politics, not precisely a plebeian public sphere, took place in a more informal way. This significant modality, probably better explained through Chares Tilly’s notions of contentious politics and repertories of contention rather than Habermas’s “public sphere”, may have accomplished, in a blunt manner, substantial changes in public policy or in the decisions made by legislators and presumably other state officials. The case of nineteenth-century New Granada congressional politics will serve to illustrate this meaningful historical process.This paper revisits the understanding of the “public sphere” of civil society, including Harbermas’s original formulation and those of various other historians, even Latinamericanists. It argues that it is necessary to supplement some of these views, adding a historical component related to this important concept. It consists of popular political pressure in the form of bodily presence and active participation through shouts, physical gestures toward, and threats directed to state agents. Many of those political expressions regularly targeted deliberating state officials and representatives, in particular legislatures, during critical moments in their functioning. They intended to force members of congress to decide in favor of popular preferences. This would mean that, apart from literary and journalistic production and polemics, intellectual debates and the like, aimed at influencing public policies, a perhaps less glamorous, but quite important and effective expression of popular politics, not precisely a plebeian public sphere, took place in a more informal way. This significant modality, probably better explained through Chares Tilly’s notions of contentious politics and repertories of contention rather than Habermas’s “public sphere”, may have accomplished, in a blunt manner, substantial changes in public policy or in the decisions made by legislators and presumably other state officials. The case of nineteenth-century New Granada congressional politics will serve to illustrate this meaningful historical process.Este trabajo reexamina el entendimiento de la “esfera pública” de la sociedad civil, incluyendo las formulaciones originales de Habermas y las de otros historiadores, entre ellos varios Latinoamericanistas. Sostiene que es necesario suplementar algunas de estas perspectivas, agregando un componente histórico relacionado con aquel importante concepto. Consistió en la presión política popular en forma de presencia corporal y participación activa a través de gritos, gestos físicos y amenzas dirigidas a agentes del estado. Muchas de estas expresiones políticas generalmente tuvieron como blanco funcionarios públicos y representantes, en especial miembros de los cuerpos legislativos, durante momentos críticos del funcionamiento de las legislaturas. Su objetivo era forzar a los miembros del congreso a decidir a favor de las peferencias populares. Esto querría decir que, aparte de la producción y polémicas literarias y periodisticas y los debates intelectuales encaminados a influir en las políticas públicas, una no tan glamorosa, pero no por ello menos efectiva, expresión de la política popular, no exactamente una esfera pública plebeya, se desarrolló de manera informal. Esta significativa modalidad, probablemente mejor explicada a través de las nociones de política contenciosa y “repertorios de confrontación” propuestas por Charles Tilly más bien que de la noción de “esfera pública” de Habermas, puede haber conseguido, en una forma brusca, cambios substanciales en las políticas públicas o en las decisiones adoptadas por legisladores y seguramente otros funcionarios públicos. El caso de la política legislativa de la Nueva Granada durante una porción del siglo XIX servirá para ilustrar este significativo proceso histórico